Shopping With Teenagers Essay Example

Shopping With Teenagers Essay In this quick paced world, families isolate their time by allotting tasks on different relatives. In any case, a family economy movement like shopping, regardless of whether for food supplies or garments and extras, is most useful when done in participative way by relatives. For what reason is this so? I wish to endeavor in this paper to analyze and explain on the elements of this monetary action, especially the benefits of carrying one’s high school youngsters to a purchasing experience. II. Parent’s Perspective Numerous guardians, moms specifically, do looking for family needs. In any case, there are a lot of times that subsequent to doing the action, the parent end up with articles that they don't require or a specific part doesn't care for the decision of procurement. On events, contentions result over such one-sided choices by guardians. At the point when meeting is made then again, what is troublesome with this is the way that, time is devoured for trade of thoughts. What happens typically however is that in real circumstances pretty much every family come up short on the existence to talk about what their inclinations are. Henceforth, the best choice is to carry different relatives to shopping. We will compose a custom article test on Shopping With Teenagers explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Shopping With Teenagers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Shopping With Teenagers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer When all is said in done, I think the basic and long haul positive consequence of shopping with young people is the vicarious and casual method of instructing these kids dynamic abilities. Growing such capacity engages the youngsters to settle on shrewd choices on the utilization of cash, and different trades occurring during shopping. Small kids can be brought to shopping be that as it may, all the more regularly they are not permitted to settle on much decision in the buy, with the exception of, to a huge degree, on food buys. At their formative stage, they are educated at their level, in graduated terms. In any case, the youngster is at a formative stage where he/she is prepared to acknowledge minor and some substantial duties. They are better ready to retain learning circumstances better and quicker. On account of this monetary movement, this is really the perfect time for instilling esteems †for cash, assets and duty. As I would see it, dynamic capacities are created during shopping. What is included during shopping is now and again the time requirement. When there is restricted time, mother and young person grow quick reasoning capacity. The adolescent is instructed how to spending plan compute the sum brought about as against the reserve accessible. Planning is very hard to instruct in light of the fact that it involves an experimentation technique. All the more regularly, mistakes result instead of the exactness and right decisions made. On the off chance that guardians get worried showing their adolescents this procedure, kids would wind up not realizing what and how to purchase fundamentally. The point of each parent for youngsters is for their kids to purchase things or food, with quality, less expense and strength at the top of the priority list. III. Teenagers’ Perspective To me, cash and ownership of it involves obligation. On the off chance that at this stage, the high school child or little girl has not scholarly significant components of the utilization of their cash and the cash earned by their folks, a lifetime of trouble, even neediness, is a genuine chance. What makes this shopping a method of instructing the pre-adult youngsters is the way that it is a relaxation action for kids. Innate in each shopping is its agreeable experience; an angle which can be used to help make the experience a learning one. For each youngster, I accept that shopping is altogether pleasurable. I even catch a neighbor and her adolescent child doing shopping together and her child (who clearly appreciated this) allude this experience together as â€Å"pleasure.† He would state to his mother, â€Å"Mom, would we be able to go to ‘pleasure’ today?† Most likely, it is essentially in light of the fact that, he can be with his mom the entire time; lapping everything up, in a manner of speaking. The way that he is a center youngster among two different kin may most likely his motivation to make these excursions with mother such a wonderful encounter. Ultimately, it is my conviction, from individual experience, that having the buying power is imperative to a youngster. In any event, when mother is near, the individual in question is managed the chance to settle on the decision about what ought to be bought. It gives the individual a feeling of individual fulfillment. IV. End I can't deny that shopping with pre-adult kids isn't troublesome likewise, nor does it have just the in addition to side. Shopping with adolescent kids can mean cerebral pain to a mother or parent. The young person in his/her age inclines toward things or food that guardians don't affirm of all the more regularly. They may spruce up contrastingly or be impacted by media to pick food that have void calories. Except if the mother realizes how to deal and make bargains, shopping centers can end up being battlefront for families. As I would see it, a shopping action helps concrete connections and empowers adolescent youngsters to converse with guardians. It is acknowledged that this stage is created with changes that toss a young person into disarray and wrong decisions which will check him/her forever. It is accurately thus that I accept, each parent uses any chance to make and invest energy with any action to be along with their youngsters. In the event that the main time accessible is shopping, at that point I, in the event that I am a parent, should snatch that each accessible opportunity to enroll my adolescent to go out to shop with me. I can even make it a point to make events just to manage the cost of my young person the consideration and nearness that I can give. What preferred route over that which is charming for him/her moreover? Shopping together is then such an ideal possibility for the two of us.

Two Themes Report

Character Deferent individuals have deferent character. As we can't discover two bits of leaves are the equivalent on the planet. What's more, these character or character will coordinate Influence the vocation determination in the further. As I would like to think, a few pieces of character were chosen naturally, however a few was most certainly not. In any case, we need to know, In the development of character, obtained factors additionally assume an Important job. For instance uprightness may affected by support. As indicated by self-evaluation, I found that I am tending an extroversion and scruples In my personality.I found that the development of my character has constructive relationship with my instruction foundation. As structure collection of memoirs shows that I completed secondary school In China. Extroversion and reliability of individuals was simpler to achievement in solid serious condition. In addition, as this character, I was more spotlight on articulation. Furthermo re, I trust that I can turn into the focal point of consideration in the work environment. That cause me get high score of display and administration in Work Value Inventory. Subject two: Behavior In my conclusion, practices like a mirror that can coordinate reflect self-thinking.And practices likewise can reflect self-prerequisite and locus of control in our life. At the point when I was youngster, I found that I was truly similar to watch the television show on TV, and I truly appreciate the individuals who share the achievement encounters for their life. This interest lead me realize that achievement can't without self-exertion. As per my assignment of Locus of Control, I found that I was accepted interior locus control â€Å"which the individual accepts they can control their life (Rooter, 1996). † Furthermore, this self-necessity in fairly ways impacts my life. I want to establish a decent connection for everybody, and voiding being assessed unfavorable.That has direct t hought about my score of Fear of Negative Evaluation. By GHz-Hyaline Different individuals have diverse character. As we can't discover two bits of leaves are the equivalent on the planet. Also, these character or character will coordinate impact the naturally, yet a few was definitely not. In any case, we need to know, in the arrangement of character, gained factors additionally assume a significant job. For instance principles may extroversion and scruples as a part of my character. I found that the development of personal history shows that I completed secondary school in China.

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #10 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Entry #10 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thank you to all of the new students that have been sending in photos. I know that I really enjoy learning more about those that will join us very soon.   For new students that want to contribute, please see this entry for instructions on how to submit your own photos for posting. ___________________________ The first set of photos was contributed by Marcelo Ballvé, an incoming dual degree student (MPA) spending the first year at SIPA and the second year at FGV-EAESP-São Paulo. ___________________________ The first photo was taken in Tegucigalpa, Honduras last year during protests following the June 2009 coup that ousted President Manuel Zelaya. I was there as a reporter, so I spent a lot of time mingling with protesters in the streets. I thought this shot conveyed the intense mix political engagement and anxiety Hondurans were experiencing at the time.     The fellow to the right is trying on a homemade gas mask, since many protests were being dispersed with tear gas. I was in Tegucigalpa to cover the politics, but also happened to be present when Honduras qualified for the World Cup. Once the game ended, the politically divided country briefly came together in a spontaneous outburst of joy. I had left my hotel to see the celebrations and was standing on a corner below a street light when this kid began twirling his shirt around. The last photo was taken in Santiago, Cuba, right around the time of the 50th anniversary of the Cuban Revolution early in 2009. Santiago is the city in far-eastern Cuba where rebels began their cross-country blitz to take control of the island in the first days of 1959. Now the city is as frozen in time as the rest of the island, but the ciudad rebelde hosted Raúl Castros anniversary commemoration. __________________________ The second set of photos come from Madeline Knaup, an incoming MIA student. __________________________ Madrid, Spain: The church of San Antón, a patron saint of animals, celebrates Las Fiestas de San Antón where people bring their pets from all over the region to have them blessed.

Analysis On Financial Statements Of Verizon Communications Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2393 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? ATT Inc. (NYSE: T) is a United States telecommunications corporation headquartered in Texas. Founded in 1983 as SBC Communications, it became ATT Inc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis On Financial Statements Of Verizon Communications Finance Essay" essay for you Create order upon purchase of ATT Corporation in 2005. It is the leading U.S. provider of wire-line and wireless communications. ATT delivers 3G wireless services through ATT Mobility LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary. Other major segments include broadband internet, digital television, directory publishing, and business communications. In 2006, ATT Inc. acquired BellSouth communications corporation, valued at $86 billion, absorbing its wire-line, wireless, and broadband interests. ATT has stated specific future goals in 4G wireless, speech recognition, telehealth, and digital convergence. Recently, ATT selected Alcatel-Lucent and Ericsson as equipment providers for its LTE (4G) wireless deployments. ATT has over 150 million customers and 280,000 employees. ATT reported a $124 billion operating revenue and $23 billion net income as of Dec. 31, 2008. Verizon Communications Inc. (NYSE: VZ) is a United States telecommunications corporation headquartered in New York. It was founded in 1983 as Bell Atlantic. Bell Atlantic acquired GTE Corp. in 2000 and changed its name to Verizon Communications Inc. It is the second largest U.S. provider of wire-line and wireless voice services. Verizon Wireless is a joint venture, with Vodafone Group holding 45 percent ownership. Through its FiOS product, Verizon provides fiber-optic delivery of internet, television, and digital voice. Other major operations include IP networks, applications, and professional services for business. In 2008, Verizon stated its goal to surpass ATT as the U.S. market leader in wireless voice and data communications in the United States. It is aggressively pushing fiber-optic deployments to combat industry-wide access-line losses. Verizon has over 91 million customers and 220,000 employees. Verizon reported a $97 billion operating revenue and $6.5 billion net income as of Dec. 31, 2008. Balance Sheet unusual items ATT: At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported a current ratio of 0.53, and a long-term assets / long-term liabilities ratio of 1.92. This mismatching indicates that too much short-term financing has been used to acquire long-term assets. ATT may have problems meeting its short-term obligations without additional refinancing. If additional financing cannot be obtained, a lack of asset liquidity poses a bankruptcy risk. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported goodwill at $71.8 billion, accounting for about 27% of their total reported assets. This stems from ATTs aggressive acquisition strategy. The high amount poses a great asset impairment risk. Only losses, not gains, can be recorded for goodwill. If the acquired entities lose value, as judged by an annual impairment test, the loss of recorded assets and corresponding write-offs against stockholders equity can be substantial. Verizon: At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported wireless licenses valued at $62.0 billion. These are indefinite-lived intangible asset which account for 30.6% of Verizons total assets. Wireless licenses are extremely important for a telecommunications company, but placing such large valuation on an intangible is a serious risk. Estimating fair value is very subjective, and any significant write-offs (as judged by a periodic impairment test) could threaten stockholders confidence. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported cash and cash equivalents of $9.8 billion. Having such a large amount of cash and cash equivalents (investments with a maturity of 90 days or less) is good for liquidity. However, a significant portion of this $9.8 billion could be converted to less-liquid, higher-interest investments that mature within a year, or even long-term investments. Having so much cash-on-hand is a problem because it is not being invested to return additional value to the business. Income Statement unusual items ATT: At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported basic earnings-per-share of $2.17. During the same period, their nearest market competitor, Verizon, reported $2.26 basic earnings-per-share. To the common stockholder, this is one of the most important factors to attract and maintain investment. Unless ATT can achieve higher earnings-per-share, investors will be more likely to invest in their competitors, posing a threat to ATTs future growth. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT recorded a net other income (expense) of -$589 million (versus +$615 million in 2007). A closer look at Note 4 to the financial statements reveals that this is entirely attributable to Consolidation and Elimination expenses. Reorganization due to acquisition and restructuring has been a significant part of ATTs market-growth strategy, but they must take care not to incur excessive expenses for the sake of growth. That could lead to an overall loss of competitiveness and lack of stockholders confidence. Verizon: At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon recorded a net income of $6.4 billion. Their nearest market competitor, ATT, posted a net income of $12.9 billion. In terms of absolute numbers, this gives Verizon less power in the market and also serves as an indication to investors that Verizon might not be managing its finances well enough. Income is essential to future value creation and expansion, so Verizon should strive to improve operational efficiency and attain an income thats more aligned with (or better than) its competitor. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon recorded a net profit margin (ratio of net income to revenues) of only .066, up from their 2007 profit margin of .059, but still lower than their 2006 profit margin of .070. In general, Verizons profit margin seems low compared to other U.S. telecommunications corporations (especially ATT), a sign of managements inability to generate strong returns. This weak financial performance should raise concerns for shareholders and financers, and it poses a surviva l risk to Verizon. Cash Flow Statement unusual items ATT: In 2008, ATT issued $9.5 billion in dividends to stockholders (which has been increasing gradually since 2004). Consistent dividends are good to attract sustained stockholders confidence and investment, but a dividend payout of $9.5 billion is unusually high. By paying out too many excess funds to stockholders, ATT may be missing out on more lucrative investment opportunities that would generate better returns. In 2008, ATT reported $5.6 billion in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. This amount, due to ATTs suppliers or banks, must be paid off within 12-months in order to avoid default. This significantly high amount is a constraint against ATTs working capital. If the company is not able to fully pay off the debt in time, its future operations could be hindered. Verizon: In 2008, Verizon reported net $15.9 billion in acquisitions of licenses, investments, and businesses. Such a substantial investment introduces a high level of business risk. If Verizons inv estments do not demonstrate profitability, not only will significant funds have gone to waste, but more doubt will be cast on the corporations future investing decisions by investors and financers. In 2008, Verizon accumulated net cash inflows from financing activities of $13.6 billion. In particular, $21.6 billion were proceeds from long-term borrowing, while there was a repayment of only $4.1 billion in long-term borrowing and capital lease obligations. It seems that Verizon is using this leverage to achieve their investing activities discussed previously. Such aggressive financing this fiscal year can put heavy constraints on Verizons ability to acquire additional financing in future years. Verizon is in a precarious position where, if they cannot repay the financing in a timely manner, they enter a high risk of declining into bankruptcy. Notes to Financial Statements unusual items ATT: At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported that $14.1 billion of its outstanding debt would mature within one year, compared to just $6.9 billion in the previous year (see Note 8). This current debt introduces a liquidity problem, since ATT must be able to generate enough cash in the next year to repay its financers. This is a significant business risk for ATT; if it is unable to cover its debts in time, its future financing options will be limited and its business operations could be in jeopardy. As of Jan. 1, 2007, ATT indicated a loss of $123 million in goodwill related to the settlement of IRS audit in its wireless segment (see Note 6). Excess goodwill is already a problem because a high risk of asset impairment is introduced, but devaluation due to an IRS audit raises serious concerns about managements judgment for proper accounting. Investors are cautious about missteps such as this, and a recurring incident could further unsettle their confidence in ATT. Verizon: On Jan . 9, 2009 (beyond the reporting date of the financial statements), Verizons wireless segment closed the acquisition of Alltel Corporation, paying $5.9 billion for its equity, but also acquiring $22.2 billion of its debt obligations (see Note 2). Acquiring such a massive debt puts Verizon at a significant financing risk. The notes reveal that Verizon has relied on credit to immediately cover the acquisition cost and debt prepayments, with $2.5 billion debt that remains outstanding. Verizon faces potential insolvency in other words, a high risk of adequate repayment and future refinancing. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported obligations for all defined benefit pension plans at $29.4 billion (see Note 15). The future collection of this large liability poses a financial risk to Verizon, should they not be suitably prepared to cover the costs. Along with Verizons already large debt obligations, this is a noteworthy threat to the companys viability. Balance Sheet differences At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT had a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.75 (total liabilities / total equity) and Verizon had a debt-to-equity ratio of 3.85. ATT and Verizon hold similar levels of total liabilities ($169 and $161 billion, respectively), but ATT has a great deal more stockholders equity ($96.3 versus $41.7 billion, respectively). ATTs much larger stockholder interest provides increased financial flexibility and an ability to service its debt, in comparison to Verizon which should be more cautious in its debt accumulation, at risk of being unable to generate enough cash to satisfy its debt obligations. ATTs lower debt-to-equity ratio may boost stockholders confidence since their investments are better protected in the event of business decline. On the other hand, ATTs lower debt-to-equity ratio may signify that it is not taking advantage of enough financial leverage to generate increased profits. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT lists Customer Lists and Relationships as a long-term asset valu ed at net $10.6 billion. Verizon does not such an item listed on their balance sheet, but Note 4 to the financial statements reveals that customer lists and relationships are a net $820 million component of Other Intangible Assets. This item is a limited-life intangible asset, and is subject to amortization accumulation. The relatively similar size of each companys customer base suggests that these valuations shouldnt be so drastically different. Estimating fair value of customer lists and relationships is very subjective, based on how each company judges the ability to generate returns. ATTs high valuation compared to Verizon leads to higher annual write-offs of the asset. Stockholders confidence could be shaken by too high write-offs arising from higher valuations, so Verizons more conservative valuation may be safer in the long-term. Income Statement differences As of 2008, ATTs income statements divide operating revenues into five segments: wireless service, voice, data, directory, and other. Verizons income statement only specifies a catch-all operating revenues item, but Note 17 to the financial statements identifies two segments: domestic wireless and wireline. Both companies wireless segments are equivalent in scope. Verizons wireline segment is the equivalent of ATTs voice data segments combined. Notably, ATT has a more diversified business portfolio, including its directory services which include the publishing of print directories, directory advertising, internet-based advertising, and local search; and the other segment which includes information services, payphone, and corporate operations. The presentation of ATTs income statement emphasizes their diversity of operations in comparison to Verizon. This shows two different approaches to business diversification. For Verizon, if one of its two segments were to fail, the financial impact would be catastrophic. For ATT, the failure of a single segment would be less severe on the company as a whole. Verizon lists minority interest as a distinct item under operating income with a recorded expense of $6.16 billion. ATT does not list a distinct item, but Note 4 to its financial statements indicate that $256 million of minority interest expense is part of its other income (expense) item. Minority interest expense refers to the share of profit belonging to minority shareholders. In this case, Vodafone owns a 45% interest in Verizon Wireless and receives that share of the generated income. For Verizon, this is a very large amount of income that it could be collecting for itself, if it was to take full control of its wireless subsidiary. If Verizon recognized the full income of its wireless subsidiary, its overall net income would be more competitive with ATT. Also, by giving Vodafone such a large stake in its wireless subsidiary, there is the potential for a futur e takeover. Cash Flow Statement differences In 2008, Verizon recorded $13.6 billion in net cash provided by financing activities, while ATT recorded $4.7 billion in net cash used in financing activities. That is, Verizon acquired net debt in its financing activities, while ATT was able to pay back more financing that it acquired. Because of this, ATT shows more financial solvency than Verizon, as its ability to repay previous financing activities boosts shareholder confidence and enhances its record as a reliable borrowing partner for future financing. Verizons big borrowing introduces significant business risks and a potential for bankruptcy if their operations dont return considerable income. On the other hand, Verizons aggressive financing activities may prove beneficial if it uses the finances to successfully grow its market-share, which would be a threat to ATT. In 2008, Verizon recorded $1.4 billion of purchase of common stock for treasury, while ATT recorded $6.1 billion of the same. The goal of these treasury stoc k repurchases is to increase the value of the shares held by stockholders. Both ATT and Verizon have repurchased shares over the past 5 years, with ATT averaging $4.3 billion in repurchases per year versus Verizons $1.3 billion per year. ATTs consistently larger repurchasing may signify that it views its shares as undervalued, or that it wants to improve its reported earnings-per-share. As noted earlier, ATTs 2008 earnings-per-share were $0.09 lower than Verizons, so this might be a legitimate strategy to attract future stockholder investment. However, the consistent treasury stock repurchases may be a sign that ATT is struggling to obtain legitimate interest from investors, so they are instead just acquiring their own shares to inflate the stocks value.

Physical Development in Middle Childhood Essay - 1649 Words

The physical, cognitive and socio-emotional domains of human development are influenced by diverse factors. Phases of development extend from the beginnings of human life and continue throughout the lifespan. These developmental phases are characterised by a range of features including brain development, language development and social development amongst others. Gross motor skills include activities such as running, skipping and jumping. They involve the use of the body’s larger muscle groups. Gross motor skills greatly improve in middle childhood due to increased muscle mass, strength and coordination (McDevitt and Ormrod, 2010). These skills also improve with practice and repetition which can be provided by participation in the†¦show more content†¦A child who is isolated by illness may well develop depression and find it hard to resume socialising on his return to school . Consequently he may be behind in both physical and social development and confront the daunting task of recovery. Between the ages of five and twelve years the brain undergoes great development and growth. The increase in neurons and connections promotes the development of fine motor skills. This physiological change is a prerequisite for motor skill refinement and growth. Family income is another factor in the development of the child. A poorer family may not be able to afford healthy food. They may be uneducated about good nutrition. Their child may miss out on the nutrition that a good diet delivers. In many homes television and video games are more readily accessible recreational activities. When both parents work they may not have the time to supervise extra-curricular activities. Time-constrained parents may also more frequently choose fast foods, over- looking nutrition for convenience. The learning environment for middle childhood (as for all others) should be both stimulating and encouraging . The classroom should accommodate the needs of all its students. It is the responsibility of the teacher to be cognizant of their various beliefs and customs. The Australian classroom is becoming increasingly multicultural (Witsel , 2003). By acknowledging a child’s culture and the constraints thatShow MoreRelatedPhysical Development in Middle Childhood1324 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents aged in their middle childhood (6-10 years) and planning curriculum. During this time the student’s physical development is changing dramatically and as teachers we need to understand the changes they are going through so we can adjust the learning environment accordingly. By â€Å"physical† I of course mean the development of the body, brain and motor skills. I will now explain the importance of all factors needed for excellent physical growth and development in the mid dle childhood years. One importantRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Development On The Middle Childhood1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbodies are growing, and changing, and their cognitive capacity is increasing. Physical development in the middle childhood continues steadily and children grow taller. Growth is especially apparent in the legs. Their fine and gross motor skills improve too and they have greater strength and muscle control since their bodies have grown in size. Obesity is a problem in this country and many are not getting enough physical activity. Sports activities can be of benefit because not only will they getRead More Physical Development of Children in Middle Childhood Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pagestopic considers what the physical development of children in ‘middle childhood (6-10)’ is, and how their physical needs in the learning environment can be accommodated. The key elements taken into consideration would be the development of motor skills for the selected age group and the influences of the specified group. The benefits of physical activity and the consequences of prolonged inactivity, how a student’s development can be facilitated or re stricted through development in other areas with theRead MoreDevelopment Of The Cognitive, Physical And Social Emotional Domains Within Middle Childhood980 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay aims to analysis the development of the cognitive, physical and social-emotional domains within middle childhood. This essay will discuss how the development of these domains can be seen throughout the movie ‘Boyhood’. Cognitive development is defined as â€Å"the process of growth and change in intellectual/mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding and includes the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge† ( ). Physical development can be defined as â€Å"changes in bodyRead MoreCharacteristics of children in middle childhood Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesHuman development refers to the processes of change and stability throughout human life. The early stages of development in children are important in their life span. Children in middle childhood a re those who are in the age between 6 to 11 years old. Most children in middle childhood start their formal education in primary school. In this stage, they have more opportunities to expose themselves to people and environment they had never known. In general, children in middle childhood are characterizedRead MoreThe Importance of Physical Activity Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pageswhich include physical activity Teachers engage in many roles in student’s learning, some of which are more challenging and important than others and all which contribute to a child’s development. The process of childhood development is dynamic, recognised by various fields including the influential society, inherited characteristics through genetics, and the psychological behaviour of the child. These fields all play their own roles in directly affecting the process of child development. â€Å"A child’sRead MoreChildren Are Our Pillars For Tomorrow Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesis to understand child development by using case study method along with child observations and parent interview. Given the circumstances of long distance, Skype is used to observe the child and conduct the parent interview. Matthew, who was born and raised in Hong Kong, is an outgoing and smart 7th grader. He is a 10-year-old Chinese boy growing up in a middle class family. He also lives with his parents and a 19-y ear-old sister who is a college student. Middle childhood is the best period to describeRead MorePhysical Activity Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesneed to know also learn how physical activity has the potential to prevent health risks from young children. One of these health risks is obesity, which affects Middle Childhood children from the ages of 6 - 11years of age. Therefore, how has society prevented childhood obesity and what strategies can be implemented to develop and promote awareness of physical activity amongst children? If young children are to be educated and advised about the important benefits of physical activity and healthy lifestyleRead MoreEssay on Developments in Middle Childhood1584 Words   |  7 Pagesages of 8-12 are defined as being within the developmental stage of middle childhood.   At this age, the rapid development of previous stages has decreased and the physical changes within this period are slower and more defined.   The refinement of gross and fine motor skills is a critical aspect of this stage as the delayed or retarded development can have significant impact on the areas of cognitive, social and emotional development.   In order to ensure children are equipped with the correct knowledgeRead MoreChildhood Development : Middle Childhood1269 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Childhood Development The middle childhood is to leave the play years to start maturing years to start adolescence (Berk, 2010). During the middle childhood, children began to have a lot physical changes. As well as, they begin to discover there identify that they are. For example, secondary sexual organs begin to develop in the boys and girls, they will confuse about identify. The puberty is the cycle when children are out of control because they will transition to leave the children to enter

Benchmarking Free Essays

Is defined by CIMA as ‘The Establishment, through data gathering of targets and comparators, through whose use relative levels of performance (and under performance) can be identified. ’[CIMA, 2008] This definition explains in my mind that benchmarking is the comparison of one/ several company’s comparison of relative factors to another’s. Therefore seeing how a company’s best practise differs to your own. We will write a custom essay sample on Benchmarking or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are several types of benchmarking that a company may use; Internal, Functional, Competitive and Strategic. A company may use internal benchmarking to compare different processes within the same departments. If they use functional benchmarking then they are mainly looking their departments and which runs better regardless of their different outputs. Competitive benchmarking is information gathered about direct competitors and finally strategic is a longer term benchmark technique. This is used for companies looking for organisational change. The main advantage for benchmarking is to â€Å"set the foundation for performance improvement† to help â€Å"better competitors† [Nayab, 2010] and overall be the best company in the Market place. On the other hand a disadvantage is; how readily available is all the information you require to benchmark? Business Process Re-engineering Is defined by Drury as â€Å"examining business processes and making substantial changes to how the company operates†. [Drury C, 2008] BPR is a major tool used by business because they want gains in performance and quality, and they need to cost reductions to strive for profit maximisation. When re-engineering processes they look at what has been done and try to improve it. A typical example may be: Building a car by hand takes a considerable long time, however if they changed the process to the car being built by a robot, then they could increase performance and quality. However there are many negatives to usage of BPR. It has an uncertain result because it is an all or nothing technique (high risk). In addition it is said that How to cite Benchmarking, Essay examples

Marketing Microwave Ovens to a New Market Segment free essay sample

Case 5: MARKETING MICROWAVE OVENS TO A NEW MARKET SEGMENT I. The advantage of microwave ovens for food preparation II. The values and customs that might affect opinions about microwave ovens III. New marketing strategy 1. Target market -upper middle class Indian family and focus on housewife single male 2. Long-term marketing programs Pay more money for RD and product innovation Building call center to help customer (after sales service) †¦ Foundation team service and guarantee 3. Short-term marketing programs product: microwave ovens with more function and easy to use, with a lot of size that suit with a family. service: give more service such as: cooking book (uses microwave to cook Indian food), guarantee,†¦ Price: at most 20,000 Distribution: focus on big cities Promotion: + advertising: website, TV, and use image of successful woman who can balance work and family life; media exposure such as in movies where the actors, in one part of the movie, use a microwa ve for cooking In addition the advertising can focus on man who is husband with message: â€Å"Not only woman can do it† + freebie: installment plan: pay half and then have fixed monthly payments afterward Effects of competition in the market: -competition tends to drive down the price, but there is a wide contention between prices and volume (chicken and egg problem) wider diffusion of knowledge because of the competitors’ efforts to educate the market Conclusion: There is still a huge, untapped market in India for microwaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Microwave Ovens to a New Market Segment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marketing strategy should be tailored to the customs and values of the Indian market.

The Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man essays

The Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man essays Both the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and The French Rights of Man of 1789 can be compared in many ways. Both of these documents have revolutionary ideas and were a means of both America and France to overthrow the government of that time. These documents are well thought-out and address many if not all of the problems that the people of these two countries were facing. In both cases, they are standing up against monarchy rule which in general had made their standards of living unbearable. Without these two documents, the world as we know it today would not be the same, who knows how the government would be. The first of the two documents is The American Declaration of Independence. This document was set forth on July 4, 1776, by the Thirteen Colonies. In a nutshell, it was announcing the separation of those colonies from Great Britain and turning them into the United States. The Declaration of Independence was a document which was carefully thought out and put together over a period of many days. The first call for this document to be written up was by Richard Henry Lee on June 7, 1776. Lee was in a congressional meeting when he introduced the idea of a declaration to gain independence from Great Britain, and it was immediately seconded by John Adams. "On June 11, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman were instructed to draft such a declaration; the actual writing was entrusted to Jefferson. " It was then revised by Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson before it was sent to Congress to get its final revision. The Declaration was then deba ted over, signed by fifty-six delegates, and finally released. America had put a start to what would be an eventual victory. The Declaration of Independence included many key arguments against the rule of King George III and the hardships in which he put the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies. In the opening, it states that the King...

Francium Facts (Atomic Number 87 or Fr)

Francium Facts (Atomic Number 87 or Fr) Francium is a highly radioactive alkali metal with the atomic number 87 and element symbol Fr. Although it occurs naturally, it decays so quickly its very rare. In fact, scientists have never had a large enough sample of francium to know what it actually looks like! Learn about the chemical and physical properties of francium and what its used for. Francium Basic Facts Atomic Number: 87 Symbol: Fr Atomic Weight: 223.0197 Discovery: Discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute, Paris (France), francium was the last natural element to be discovered (others are synthetic). Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s1 Word Origin: Named for France, the home country of its discoverer. Isotopes: There are 33 known isotopes of francium. The longest-lived is Fr-223, a daughter of Ac-227, with a half-life of 22 minutes. This is the only naturally-occurring isotope of francium. Francium rapidly decays into astatine, radium, and radon. Properties: The melting point of francium is 27 Â °C, its boiling point is 677 Â °C, and its valence is 1. It is the second-least electronegative element, following cesium. It is the second rarest natural element, following astatine. Francium is the heaviest known member of the alkali metals series. It has the highest equivalent weight of any element and is the most unstable of the first 101 elements of the periodic system. All known isotopes of francium are highly unstable, so knowledge of the chemical properties of this element comes from radiochemical techniques. No weighable quantity of the element has ever been prepared or isolated. To date, the largest sample of francium consisted of only about 300,000 atoms. The chemical properties of francium most closely resemble those of cesium. Appearance: It is possible that francium may be a liquid rather than a solid at room temperature and pressure. Its expected the element would be a shiny metal in its pure state, like the other alkali metals, and that it would readily oxidize in air and react (very) vigorously with water. Uses: Francium is so rare and decays so quickly, it doesnt have any commercial applications. The element is used for research. It has been used in spectroscopy experiments to learn about coupling constants between subatomic particles and energy levels. Its possible the element may find application in diagnostic tests for cancer. Sources: Francium occurs as a result of an alpha disintegration of actinium. It can be produced by artificially bombarding thorium with protons. It occurs naturally in uranium minerals but there is probably less than an ounce of francium at any time in the total crust of the earth. Element Classification: Alkali Metal Francium Physical Data Melting Point (K): 300 Boiling Point (K): 950 Ionic Radius: 180 (1e) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 15.7 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): ~375 Oxidation States: 1 Lattice Structure: Body-Centered Cubic Return to the Periodic Table Sources Bonchev, Danail; Kamenska, Verginia (1981). Predicting the Properties of the 113–120 Transactinide Elements. Journal of Physical Chemistry. American Chemical Society. 85 (9): 1177–1186. doi:10.1021/j150609a021Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005). Francium, in Van Nostrands Encyclopedia of Chemistry. New York: Wiley-Interscience. p. 679. ISBN 0-471-61525-0.Emsley, John (2001). Natures Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 151–153. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 11. CRC. pp. 180–181. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.

Analysis of the figuritive language in th Poems Richard Cory by Edwin Essay

Analysis of the figuritive language in th Poems Richard Cory by Edwin Arlinton Robinson and Paul Simon - Essay Example Applying these criteria in the two versions of Richard Cory would help decide which of the two poems is more deserving of merit. Published in 1897, Richard Cory by Edwin Arlington Robinson is the original version of the poem. Robinson depicts the despair and death of a wealthy man in his poem. Basically, the language used is folkloric. A folklore is an oral tradition handed down from one generation to another. Thus, the character of Richard Cory and his experience appears to be a hearsay, a myth. The linguistic elements of the poem support this idea. First, the lines of the poem strictly follow a common rhythmic pattern with the first and third lines and the second and fourth lines rhyming. This may seem awkward when reporting about suicide as it negates the natural utterance of a suicide narrative. Second, the line of thought makes the language appear climactic, thus making the poem appear too literary and stilted. Like any narrative, the poem starts with the introduction of the cha racter, thus in the first stanza, Richard Cory is described as â€Å"a gentleman from sole to crown, / clean-favored and imperially slim† (l. 3–4).

CW1 & CW3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CW1 & CW3 - Essay Example Reggae has always been associated with Rastafarianism, a culture where people wear dreadlocks hair covered with woollen hats in green, gold and red colours (Blake, 1997). Origin of Reggae Most of reggae’s original versions can be found in Mento, Ska and Rocky Steady. Reggae changed the original traditional patterns when they allowed guitar to play off-beat chords, while the bass guitar played melodic patterns (Waters, 1985). Music in the society was used to explain to the rest of the world the oppressions that the citizens were going through. The extreme pressures of lack of jobs, good houses and political unrest was becoming a menace at Kingston. This made many Rastafarians and singers to get into Rastafarianism as a way of escaping from the injustices that were being experienced in the society. Popular artists such as the wailers, Burning Spear, Bob (Andy), Gregory Isaacs, Culture and Marcia (Griffiths), became popular during this era and they all turned into Rastafarianism as a way of life (Knight & Martnez-Vergne, 2005). Reggae music had also an impact to the politics of Jamaica. The opposition leader at one time spoke of how the message in the music is interwoven with politics and it’s a good avenue where information can be passed from one generation to another. Thus music and politics cannot be separated. Since reggae evolved in the 60’s, it has become among the most listened to music genres as the culture that is contained in it is really appreciated. Bob Marley and the Wailers are the biggest sellers of the gene ever and their hit Exodus was voted the best and most influential album of the twentieth century. Musicians and groups such as; Black Uhuru, Gregory Isaacs, UB40, Maxi Priest, Shabba Ranks, Super Cat Shaggy, Buju Banton, Chaka Demus & Pliers, Beenie, Bounty, Sean Paul, TOK among others are the most influential artists that are spreading the music genre to many generations. They have earned a lot of cash and fame globally, an aspect that was not imagined to ever happen in the world of music (Longhurst, 2007). Impacts of Reggae in modern society The modern society is full of many social, political and economic issues. Music plays a greater role in spreading important information about what happens in any given societies. Gospel music, spreads the good news of God, patriotic songs talks about the love of one’s country, reggae music too has a message to pass to the rest of the world. Main themes that are found in most reggae songs are equality, justice, poverty, marriage, sex, drugs politics, religion among other many types of themes that the music spreads all over the world. It has been liked by most international audiences who views most African culture as being rich and of important lessons to their day to day lives (Potter, 1988). For a better understanding of the themes and message that the music brings forth, it is important to closely examine an artist who is commonly recognised as the father of reggae and Rastafarianism in Jamaica. The music of the late Bob Nesta Marley who introduced reggae music to international perspectives can be termed to combine a feel good of rhythm with militant call for justice and freedom from oppression. He was born in Jamaica’s countryside, but later moved to at a young age to Trench Town, Kingston, one of Jamaica’s most hopeless towns that one could imagine of living in. He abandoned school and left

Perceptions Of Rape And Sexual Assault Sociology Essay

Perceptions Of Rape And Sexual Assault Sociology Essay Through the course of this essay Irina Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s research into rape perception will be critically analysed. This essay will firstly summarise the research and then go through each hypothesis, the methodology employed and the ideas put forward within the discussion will be assessed due to their respective strengths and weaknesses. In addition to this there will be a section commenting on the place of this research within rape research at large. Some of the problems associated with results of this research and the conclusions drawn from it will be looked at also. Finally suggestions on ways to overcome these problems will also be investigated. As this analysis takes place within the context of Social Psychology Andersons research will thus be viewed through the lens of theories relating to attitudes. This was first put forward by Allport who defined attitudes as  ¿Ã‚ ½A mental and neural state of readiness, organised through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influen ce upon the individual ¿Ã‚ ½s response to all objects and situations with which it is related ¿Ã‚ ½ (Allport,1935 p.810). due to the gendered nature of rape perception this research is much needed in building a frame work for how rape is seen by the public. The abstract is very clear and to the point and succinctly condenses the research. The three hypothesises under investigation are what is the current perception of female rape, whether this perception is applicable to male rape or are there elements of cultural lag in male rape. Despite previous research it was found that these hypothesises were proved wrong during the study During the introduction these foundation of the hypothesises under investigation are laid. It was found that past research had shown that female rape was most commonly seen  ¿Ã‚ ½stranger rape ¿Ã‚ ½. The Stranger rape stereotype (SRS) is a script which constructs rape as occurring between two people who do not know each other, the act usually happens at night with the  ¿Ã‚ ½struggling victim subdued ¿Ã‚ ½, etc. However studies have shown that contrary to this scenario the vast majority of female rapes 78-84% (Gavey 2005, Koss 1988) are committed by males known to the victim this disparity between official statistics and public perceptions is part of the basis of this study. It is argues that changes in rape perception, brought on by demystifying of rape myths by the media , the breakdown of gender roles and reports which suggest that a broader definition of rape is being used have combined to contribute to the complete rejection of the traditional SRS paradigm into that of ac quaintance rape. Though Gavey p 17-49 has examined the move away from traditional stranger rape paradigm, especially from the 1970 ¿Ã‚ ½s onward, a complete reversal of public thinking does not seem to be completely supported. However as participants within this study were asked to  ¿Ã‚ ½generate their own lists of information ¿Ã‚ ½ it was expected that an answer to this question would be found through the course of Andersons research. One of the most important points that can be drawn from the introduction is what seem to be a lack of research following on from Kahn ¿Ã‚ ½s work regarding a concrete separation of and definition of public attitudes to the differences between acquaintance rape and seduction (Kahn 2004). The overlap between these terms as outlined by Kahn may lead to general confusion and it may be argued that without a clear differentiation between these terms present research into the conceptualisation of female rape may be hampered. In order to address these questions, this current research is vital is analysing what a female rape will be conceptualised as. The results pertaining to the first hypothesis are analysed within the discussion section, which is the well structured and logical it begins by addressing the first findings regarding the first hypothesis was directly contradicted by the results of the experiment. It is well argued that a possible reason for this opposition was due in part to the problems  ¿Ã‚ ½blame attribution ¿Ã‚ ½ where by participants described scenarios in which the victim would be less likely to  ¿Ã‚ ½invite societal blame ¿Ã‚ ½. From this analysis the issue of societal blame appears to be highly salient in rape perception. Moreover in descriptions of a typical rape Anderson asserts that respondents appear to convey scenarios in which no level of blame may be attached to the victim and suggests that further research should concentrate on whether participants are describing what they see as the reality of typical rapes or if other factors, namely blame attribution play a part in the results. Research c learing up this ambiguity would do much to further the study of public rape perception. The second intention of Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s research is to ascertain whether or not male rape is seen along the same parameters as date/acquaintance rape in females. It is stated that due to a lack of data concerning male rape cause by low report rates and the propagation of rape myths and misconceptions that the research into the public perception of male rape has in not been given the attention which it deserves . From the information gathered in previous in previous studies (Donnelly and Kenyon 1996) it has been hypothesised that if the current opinion of female rape is characterised within the parameters of acquaintance/date rape and that male rape is more commonly seen within the older SRS model. The second part of the discussion directly deals with the results relating to this hypothesis. From the analysis undertaken female rape may still be generally seen along the lines of a  ¿Ã‚ ½stranger- acquaintance rape continuum ¿Ã‚ ½. However the results show that male rape is viewed along completely dissimilar lines to female rape. From these findings Anderson argues that  ¿Ã‚ ½male rape perception may be characterised by (a) erroneous and mythical perception ¿Ã‚ ½. These other factors include descriptions of the act of rape, the relative strength of the perpetrator and victim, sexual orientation and the motivation of the rape being sexual urges [rather than power related]. The fact that some of the factors attributed to male rape include homosexuality and that homophobic belief The hypothesis of the  ¿Ã‚ ½cultural lag ¿Ã‚ ½ of male rape was however not supported during the course of the research. Finding show that male rape does not lag behind female rape, rather  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors not found the SRS/AR models were drawn upon when conceptualising male rape. These  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors make up a fourth hypothesis in the method section were not previously mentioned within the introduction or hypothesis summary. The failure to include this fourth hypothesis previously, which directly addresses the  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors associated with male rape appears to be an oversight. However though it is very useful in helping to make sense of the data as a whole, the late formulation, or at least labelling of this as a hypothesis, subverts the initial aims of the experiment and calls into question the validity of the data coded within this section. The inclusion of this section also further widens the scope of this limited study. Considering the limited data which may be collected from such a small (119 people) and highly privileged sample of the population. In light of the three main interconnected hypothesises the extension to a fourth hypothesis principally concerned with factors initially outside the experiments design leads to a true weakening of this study. Though this data is well coded and analysed, there can be no doubt that this section places strain upon the method section of this study as a whole. The third intention of this current research is to analyse the differences of response between male and female respondents. All previous studies which consider male and female attitudes to rape have shown a strong divergence between attitudes along the gender divide. This it is argued is unsurprising due firstly the fact that men generally have less knowledge about or contact with rape, and secondly due to the fact that  ¿Ã‚ ½historically been the victims of violence while men have been the perpetrators ¿Ã‚ ½. In agreement with this it is demonstrated that men more often agree than disagree with rape myths, empathise less and  ¿Ã‚ ½hold less tolerant attitudes towards victims (Jiminez Abreu,2003) In addition to this Andersons previous research has found that men possess more homophobic attitudes that women in regards to male rape. This is backed up solidly by previous research, which in summery states that as men experience rape less and that as the issue of rape is less promi nent within the male consciousness. Men will extrapolate their knowledge of female rape, to a male scenario along the SRS paradigm. In drawing out the reasons for the predominance of factors such as homosexuality and homophobia associated with male but not female rape Anderson puts forward several reasons as to why this may be the case, the first is that participants may simply be  ¿Ã‚ ½expressing their disgust at this act ¿Ã‚ ½ (Davies, 2002). Secondly use homophobic language as a means of distancing the participants from the victim so at to keep their  ¿Ã‚ ½masculinity intact ¿Ã‚ ½ and to also remove the possibility that they (the male participants ) could themselves be raped. This is a very interesting point which is well argued and is a convincing analysis of the data presented. The recommendation given for further research investigating the connection between sexuality and homophobia in relation to conceptualizations of male rape and the blame attributed to victims is well founded and may go some way in explaining why these factors have gained such prominence in this research. Through course of critically analysing the current research many issues of importance have become apparent. Firstly any research which furthers the field of rape perception is of huge importance. It is also of paramount importance to educating the public at large about the predominant trends of rape within society. With regard the article under review some very important questions have been raised by this study. The fact that all but one of hypothesis has been proved false may be seen in part as a cause for alarm. This is particularly evident in the case that female rape perception has seemed to have lost its cultural lead over supposed paradigms of male rape. This calls for a reassessment of assumptions that female rape is typically seen within the AR framework. Secondly the fact that male rape is not seen either as SRS or AR and is viewed in often homophobic terms may be interpreted differently than to Andersons theory that homophobia is a form of distancing on the part of male par ticipants, it may be interpreted as evidence that homophobia is much more prominent in society than previously assumed. The difference between male and female respondents has not been clearly addressed either, it seems from previous research that more than ever there is now a pressing need to educate males within society about the various aspects of rape. From analysing this research it seems that very little was confirmed or disproved about rape attitudes and perceptions, this research has in turn raised more questions than it answers. In conducting future research it would be advisable to approach one hypothesis at a time, using a much larger sample of the population. In addition to this a more careful use of wording of research questions may also benefit future studies, for example the question what are the predominant circumstances of a male/female rape may address the hypothesis more clearly than the use of the phrase  ¿Ã‚ ½typical ¿Ã‚ ½. This leads us to ask further questi ons about the problematic nature of this type of research. Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s current research acknowledges some of the shortcomings of the present study including the fact that the research participants used for the study were from a student population, despite this acknowledgement it would be naive to generalise these findings due to the particularities associated with a student sample to the population at large. Some of the main problems associated with using a student population for this type of are that as supported by the research that rape may be an issue generally held in the student consciousness. Secondly the predominantly young age participants, mean age 21.2, could perhaps play a large part in how rape is conceptualised. This is especially important considering that the age group of these students suggest that they have been brought up within the AR framework. A larger study would show how the population at large conceptualise rape. It can be argued that perhaps even previously un-theorised concepts of rape may be found as a resul t of such a study. It would also be of great interest to investigate what the current perceptions of marital/partner rape is. Another important factor which  ¿Ã‚ ½may have affected findings ¿Ã‚ ½ is that up to 34% of the participant were from ethnic minorities. Anderson argues that this factor may have altered the outcome of the study. It may however be argued that the inclusion of ethnic minorities may in fact give the present study a higher degree of validity and allow this research to be generalised. Regardless of the supposed  ¿Ã‚ ½less tolerant perceptions of rape ¿Ã‚ ½ within minority communities (Nagel, 2005), the hypothesised informed attitudes of the student population appear to be unfounded. This finding adds to the overall confusion of the results presented. At present it is impossible to say whether the inclusion of these minorities have lead to a substantial change in the findings of the survey. Further studies along the lines of Nagel ¿Ã‚ ½s research are to be suggested. This work should concentrate on the questions of race, ethnicity and class should be dealt with as a means of aidi ng the understanding of rape perceptions in the public at large. In conclusion the current body of research into rape perception is clearly lacking. The findings of some previous research which are not supported by this study are a serious problem which must in due course be addressed. Furthermore Andersons unsupported hypothesises clearly show the need for further and more directed research into the area of public rape perceptions. Some interesting points were brought up which also require further research, most importantly the fact that female rape perception is still categorised along the lines of SRS rather than AR. In addition to this the evidence produced regarding the  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors associated with male rape also warrant investigation. Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s suggestion that further studies concentrating on blame attribution is a logical and well reasoned course of action and is highly advisable. In summery past and present research has shown gaps in the understanding of how the public view rape scripts. This research has done much to highlight this problem. It can only be hoped that further research and public education can lead to an increased awareness and understanding on the topic of rape.

Coexistence of Private and Public Sectors

New Economic PolicyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For the Malaysian New Economic Policy, see Malaysian New Economic Policy. Soviet Union This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Soviet Union ——————————————————————————– Government[show]ConstitutionGovernment MinistriesState CommitteesExecutive OfficerCouncil of People's CommissarsCouncil of MinistersCabinet of MinistersState CouncilPresidential Council Communist Party[show]Communist Party CongressHistoryGeneral Secretary PolitburoCentral CommitteeSecretariatOrgburo Leadership[show]LeadersPremiers CabinetsPresident (List) Vice PresidentCollective leadership Legislature[show]Congress of Soviets Central Executive CommitteeSupreme Soviet Soviet of the UnionSoviet of NationalitiesPresidiumCongress of People's Deputies Speaker1989 Legislative election Judiciary[show]Law Supreme CourtPeople's CourtProcurator General History[show]1917–1927 RevolutionCivil War1927–1953 World War II1953–1964 Khrushchev Thaw1964–1982 Era of Stagnation1982–1991 Dissolution Ideology[show]State Ideology Soviet democracyMarxism-LeninismLeninismStalinism Economy[show]Economy AgricultureConsumer goodsFive-Year PlanKosygin reformNew Economic PolicyS cience and technologyEra of StagnationMaterial balance planning Society[show]Culture DemographicsEducationFamilyPhraseologyReligionTransportRepre ssion CensorshipCensorship of imagesEconomic repressionGreat purgeGulag systemCollectivizationHuman rightsMass killingsIdeological repressionSuppressed researchPolitical abuse of psychiatryPolitical repressionPopulation transferPropagandaRed Terror ——————————————————————————– Atlas USSR Portal view  ·talk  ·edit The New Economic Policy (NEP) (Russian: , , Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika) was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. [1] It was officially decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party. It was promulgated by decree on 21 March 1921, â€Å"On the Replacement of Prodrazvyorstka by Prodnalog† (i. e. , on the replacement of foodstuffs requisitions by fixed foodstuffs tax). In essence, the decree required the farmers to give the government a specified amount of raw agricultural product as a tax in kind. [2] Further decrees refined the policy and expanded it to include some industries. The New Economic Policy was replaced by Stalin's First Five-Year Plan in 1928. Contents [hide] 1 Beginnings 2 Policies 3 Disagreements in leadership 4 Results 5 End of NEP 6 See also 7 Multimedia 8 Further reading 9 Footnotes 10 External links [edit] Beginnings This section requires expansion. The NEP replaced the policies of War Communism. Whilst some leading Bolsheviks were opposed to it, it seemed necessary due to circumstances to allow limited private commercialism in the form of the NEP. [edit] PoliciesThe laws sanctioned the coexistence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which on the other hand was a state oriented â€Å"mixed economy. † [3] Rather than repossess all goods produced, the Soviet government took only a small percentage of goods. This left the peasants with a marketable surplus which could be sold privately. [4] The state, after starting to use the NEP, migrated away from Communist ideals and started the modernizing of the economy, but this time, with a more free-minded way of doing things. The Soviet Union stopped upholding the idea of nationalizing certain parts of industries. Some kinds of foreign investments were expected by the Soviet Union under the NEP, in order to fund industrial and developmental projects with foreign exchange or technology requirements. [5] The move towards modernization rested on one main issue, transforming the Soviet Union into a modern industrialized society, but to do so the Soviet Union had to reshape its preexisting structures, namely its agricultural system and the class structure that surrounded it. The NEP was primarily a new agricultural policy. [6] The Bolsheviks viewed traditional village life as conservative and backward. The old way of village life was reminiscent of the Tsarist Russia that had supposedly been thrown out with the October Revolution. With the NEP, which sought to repudiate the â€Å"old ways,† methods were put in place which promoted the pursuit by peasants of their self-interests. However, the state only allowed private landholdings because the idea of collectivized farming had met with much opposition. [7] edit] Disagreements in leadershipLenin considered the NEP as a strategic retreat. [8] However, he justified the NEP by insisting that it was a different type of capitalism. He i nsisted that this form of â€Å"state capitalism† was the last stage of capitalism before socialism evolved. [9] Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin disagreed over how to develop the Soviet Economy after the World War and the Civil War. Trotsky, supported by left-wing members of the Communist Party, believed that socialism in Russia would only survive if the state controlled the allocation of all output. Trotsky believed that the state should repossess all output to invest in capital formation. On the other hand, Stalin supported the more conservative members of the Communist Party and advocated for a state run capitalist economy. Stalin managed to wrest control of the Communist Party from Trotsky. After defeating the Trotsky faction, Stalin reversed his opinions about economic policy and implemented the First Five-Year Plan. [10] [edit] ResultsAgricultural production increased greatly. Instead of the government taking all agricultural surpluses with no compensation, the farmers now had the option to sell their surplus yields, and therefore had an incentive to produce more grain. This incentive coupled with the breakup of the quasi-feudal landed estates not only brought agricultural production to pre-Revolution levels but surpassed them. While the agricultural sector became increasingly reliant on small family farms, the heavy industries, banks and financial institutions remained owned and run by the state. Since the Soviet government did not yet pursue any policy of industrialization, and did not allow it to be facilitated by the same private incentives that were increasing agricultural production, this created an imbalance in the economy where the agricultural sector was growing much faster than heavy industry. To keep their income high, the factories began to sell their products at higher prices. Due to the rising cost of manufactured goods, peasants had to produce much more wheat to purchase these consumer goods. This fall in prices of agricultural goods and sharp rise in prices of industrial products was known as the Scissor crisis (from the shape of the graph of relative prices to a reference date). Peasants began withholding their surpluses to wait for higher prices, or sold them to â€Å"NEPmen† (traders and middle-men) who then sold them on at high prices, which was opposed by many members of the Communist Party who considered it an exploitation of urban consumers. To combat the price of consumer goods the state took measures to decrease inflation and enact reforms on the internal practices of the factories. The government also fixed prices to halt the scissor effect. The NEP succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastating effects of the First World War, the Russian Revolution and the Russian civil war. By 1925, in the wake of Lenin's NEP, a â€Å"†¦ major transformation was occurring politically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Small-scale and light industries were largely in the hands of private entrepreneurs or cooperatives. By 1928, agricultural and industrial production had been restored to the 1913 (pre-World War I) level. However, unemployment skyrocketed under the NEP and a wider gap was created between classes. [2] [edit] End of NEPBy 1925, the year after Lenin's death, Nikolai Bukharin had become the foremost supporter of the New Economic Policy. It was abandoned in 1928 after Joseph Stalin obtained a position of leadership during the Great Turn. Stalin had initially supported the NEP against Leon Trotsky, but switched in favour of Collectivization as a result[citation needed] of the Grain Procurement Crisis and the need to accumulate capital rapidly for the vast industrialization programme introduced with the Five Year Plans. It was hoped that the USSR's industrial base would reach the level of capitalist countries in the West, to prevent them being beaten in another possible war. (Stalin proclaimed: â€Å"Either we do it, or we shall be crushed. â€Å") Stalin proposed that the grain crisis was caused by the NEP men, who sold agricultural products to the urban populations for a high price. An alternative explanation for the grain crisis (which is more popular among western historians)[citation needed] revolves around the focus on heavy industry creating a significant consumer goods shortage; which meant peasants had nothing to spend their resources on, thus resulting in the hoarding of their grain. For Lenin and his followers, the NEP was intended as an interim measure. However, it proved highly unpopular with the Left Opposition in the Bolshevik party because of its compromise with some capitalistic elements and the relinquishment of State control. [2] They saw the NEP as a betrayal of communist principles, and they believed it would have a negative long-term economic effect, so they wanted a fully planned economy instead. In particular, the NEP created a class of traders (â€Å"NEP men†) whom the Communists considered to be â€Å"class enemies† of the working class. On the other hand, Lenin is quoted to have said â€Å"The NEP is in earnest and long-term† ( — ? ), which has been used to surmise that if Lenin were to stay alive longer, NEP would have continued beyond 1929, and the disastrous collectivization would have never happened, or it would have been carried out differently. Lenin had also been known to say about NEP: â€Å"We are taking one step backward to later take two steps forward†, suggesting that, though the NEP pointed to another direction, it would provide the economic conditions necessary for socialism eventually to evolve. Lenin's successor, Stalin, eventually introduced full central planning (although a variant of public planning had been the idea of the Left Opposition, which Stalin purged from the Party), re-nationalized much of the economy, and from the late 1920s onwards introduced a policy of rapid industrialization. Stalin's collectivization of agriculture was his most notable and most destructive departure from the NEP approach. It is often argued[citation needed] that industrialization could have been achieved without any collectivization and instead by taxing the peasants more, as similarly happened in Meiji Japan, Otto von Bismarck's Germany, and in post-World War II South Korea and Taiwan. [edit] See alsoEconomic calculation problem Planned economy [edit] MultimediaVladimir I. Lenin: About Natural Tax (Text of the speech in Russian, Record (help ·info)) [edit] Further readingDavies, R. W. (ed. ) (1991). From tsarism to the new economic policy: continuity and change in the economy of the USSR. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801426219. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, et al. (ed. ) (1991). Russia in the Era of NEP. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 025320657X. NEP Era Journal: http://www. d. umn. edu/cla/NEPera/main/index. php Nenovsky. N,(2006). „Lenin and the currency competition. Reflections on the NEP experience (1922-1924),â€Å". International Center of Economic Research Working Paper,Torino, No 22, 2006 [edit] Footnotes1. Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor; Anthony Esler (2007). â€Å"Revolution and Civil War in Russia†. World History; The Modern Era. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 483. ISBN 0-13-129973-5. 2. ^ a b c Service, Robert (1997). A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 124–5. ISBN 0-074-40348-7. 3. ^ V N. Bandera â€Å"New Economic Policy (NEP) as an Economic Policy. † The Journal of Political Economy 71, no. 3 (1963):. http://www. jstor. org/stable/1828984 (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 268. 4. ^ Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984; pg. 95. 5. ^ Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, pg. 96. 6. Vladimir P. Timoshenko, Agricultural Russia and the Wheat Problem. Stanford, CA: Food Research Institute, Stanford University, 1932; pg. 86. 7. ^ Sheldon L. Richman â€Å"War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom. † The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981): (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 93. 8. ^ New economic policy and the politprosvet's goals. Lenin V. I. Collected Works v. 44. p. 159 9. ^ Sheldon L. Richman â€Å"War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom. † The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981): (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 94. 10. ^ Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolut ion, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 115. [edit] External links

The Relationship Between Meditation and Mental and...

Rooting back to its’ ancient times, meditation has been around for thousands of years, especially in the Eastern part of the world and has spread to the Western countries in early 1970s. Contrary to what I initially believe meditation is, prior to taking this course, which is the mental concentration on something, meditation is actually a thoughtless awareness of an individual’s surroundings. Dhyana, the generic Sanskrit term for meditation is so much more than being alone with one’s thoughts, it is about the state of mind being calm but alert. Sogyal Rinpoche in The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying said that it is through meditation that you are able to go on a journey to discover yourself, paving the way to enlightenment.1†¦show more content†¦This will lead to a better memory and the ability to recall facts faster. 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Business Intelligence Solutions An Organization

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